At present, the commonly used petroleum in the market is light petroleum, which is formed by hydrogenation catalytic technology. Under the action of hydrogenation catalytic technology, the carbon and hydrogen elements in heavy oil products can be effectively reduced. At the same time, introducing hydrogenation catalysts into the low-carbon and low-hydrogenation processing of heavy petroleum can further improve the purification effect of petroleum refining. Combining the actual situation of petroleum refining development in my country, this article explores the application of hydrogenation catalytic technology and hydrogenation catalysts in the development of light petroleum refining.
1 Basic chemical principles of petroleum refining and hydrogenation technology
Hydrogen is added to crude oil to produce hydrogen atoms, which react with alkenes to produce alkanes. There are two general methods for its smelting. One is to mix hydrogen and carbon monoxide to produce chemical reactions; the other is the hydrogenolysis reaction in which organic compounds and hydrogen chemical bonds are broken. Oil is a key strategic energy source. Heavy oil cannot meet the actual requirements at this stage due to its high carbon and hydrogen content. Therefore, hydrogenation technology should be used to reduce the carbon and hydrogen content of heavy oil. It can be seen that hydrogen has a catalytic effect during hydrogenation. It is an important catalyst in hydrogenation, which can promote the smooth implementation of oil refining projects to a certain extent and play an important role in improving the level of refining technology and its purity.
2 Performance analysis of hydrogenation catalysts
Generally speaking, hydrocracking catalysts can be divided into the following four categories according to their performance: ① light oil type; ② medium oil type; ③ flexible type; ④ amorphous type. Among the four, the light oil type hydrocracking catalyst has the highest activity because it contains a large number of hydrocracking molecules, which can play a greater cracking role and is more effective when used. Compared with the other three, the amorphous type hydrocracking catalyst has the lowest activity because it contains less molecular sieve, which makes the molecular activity lower. Generally speaking, these four catalysts can be used in fields such as heavy naphtha and diesel production, but due to their different performance, the required conditions for use in the application process are also very different. Generally speaking, after the hydrocracking unit is officially put into production, the type of catalyst used is relatively fixed, and the product plan produced is also relatively fixed. Therefore, only one hydrocracking catalyst needs to be added to the hydrocracking reactor to carry out related operations .
3.Hydrogenation catalyst
（1）Hydroprocessing
The commonly used hydrogenation active components in the catalyst hydroprocessing composition include a sulfide mixture formed by a combination of platinum, nickel, cobalt and other elements. The activity of these elements is different under different reaction conditions. Under the hydrogenation saturation state, the saturation of Pt and Pd elements is the highest, and the saturation of W-Co elements is the lowest; under the hydrodesulfurization state, the saturation of Mo-Co elements is the highest, and the saturation of W-Co elements is the lowest; under the hydrodenitrogenation state, the saturation of W-Ni elements is the highest, and the saturation of W-Co elements is the lowest. In order to ensure that the metal components can exist in the state of sulfide during the specific implementation of the operation, it is necessary to calculate the ratio between the minimum H2S and H2 partial pressures, and ensure that the reaction can be within the range of this minimum ratio, because if it exceeds or falls below this ratio, the activity of the catalyst will decrease.
（2）Hydrocracking
Catalyst Hydrocracking Catalyst is a dual-function catalyst. The catalyst has hydrogenation function, metal component and cracking function. According to the requirements of raw material processing and product production, the functions of the two groups of components need to be properly selected and matched during the reaction. In the hydrocracking catalyst, the significance of the hydrogenation component is to achieve the saturation of aromatics in the raw oil, promote the rapid hydrogenation and saturation of olefins, and reduce the unsaturated molecules on the hydrogenation catalyst. In the hydrogenation catalyst, the significance of the cracking component is to promote the breakage and isomerization reaction of C-C chains. The commonly used cracking component in the reaction is a solid acid carrier. The role of the solid acid carrier is very similar to the reaction of the catalytic cracking catalyst. Whether it is the nitrogen compounds in the cracking process or the ammonia generated in the reaction process, they all have certain toxicity. When the alkaline nitrogen compounds and ammonia are adsorbed on the hydrogenation catalyst, the acidic center of the solid acid carrier will be neutralized, and the activity of the hydrogenation catalyst will eventually decrease. Therefore, when the hydrogenation nitrogen contains a high proportion of crude oil, it is necessary to pre-hydrogenate and denitrify the hydrocracking catalyst in the crude oil that has not been shaped.
4.Analysis of the application examples of hydrogenation technology and hydrogenation catalyst in petroleum refining industry
（1）Gasoline Hydrodesulfurization Catalyst Technology
At present, there are many problems in the application of hydrogenation technology in petroleum refining gasoline. It must be gradually improved and updated. The commonly used hydrogenation refining technologies are multi-stage hydrogenation, low-temperature desulfurization and circulating heavy gasoline. Low-temperature desulfurization has low requirements for air temperature and environment. Desulfurization can be carried out under low temperature conditions, thereby reducing the octane number by a certain loss rate, which has a certain driving effect on improving the yield of gasoline. The key to circulating heavy gasoline is that the octane number increases accordingly with the increasing reactor temperature. Under normal conditions, the octane number will increase by 5 units for every 5 degrees increase in temperature. At present, the development trend of this technology is to the level of adsorption desulfurization. The reasonable use of molecular sieves and fixed solutions can meet the requirements of gasoline desulfurization. The analysis of petroleum desulfurization rate can also be used to determine the degree of compliance of hydrogenation technology with standards. With the gradual development of hydrogenation technology, the olefin saturation can meet the requirements. Special attention should be paid to the application of desulfurization technology. It is necessary to pay attention to the desulfurization effect, not to its partial improvement. In addition, before refining and chemical engineering, a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the distribution of oil hydrocarbons is necessary to make a more effective judgment on the application value of oil.
（2）Diesel Hydrodesulfurization Technology
Gasoline has replaced diesel in the field of general automobiles, but in various construction projects, there are still more and more large-scale mechanical equipment, so the requirements for the use of diesel are still relatively high. Because diesel has a higher degree of pollution and consumes more energy than gasoline, it runs counter to the current concept of energy conservation and environmental protection. The starting point of diesel hydrodesulfurization treatment technology is mainly to improve the performance of hydrodesulfurization catalysts. The catalyst activity is maintained at about 5 times the original level, so a catalyst is needed to increase the overall air velocity. However, the diesel hydrodesulfurization technology currently used is generally expensive and has the disadvantage of high energy consumption, which needs further improvement. With the advancement of technology, diesel ultra-high-level hydrodesulfurization technology has been promoted and popularized, which can effectively alleviate the above shortcomings. In order to optimize the existing catalytic diesel hydrogenation technology, especially the advanced diesel hydrogenation process, a bifunctional catalyst system is selected to achieve the effect of selective chemical reaction. It improves product quality by removing sulfur, nitrogen and aromatic hydrocarbons in the product.
In summary, work, study, production and life are closely related to petroleum. As the social economy increases the demand for petroleum resources, safety, environmental protection and energy conservation are becoming more and more prominent. In order to ensure the sustainability, safety and environmental protection of petroleum refining projects, hydrogenation technology should be continuously improved and updated to reasonably reduce energy consumption, which will play a certain role in promoting the rational use of petroleum resources.